IBPS Specialist Officer Reasoning Previous Question Paper

1. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and so form a group. Which is the one that does not belong to that group?

(A) BDF                (B) VXZ            (C) FIK                  (D) MOQ           (E) LNP

Ans : (C)

2. Among A. B, C, D and F each scoring different marks in the annual examination, D scored less than only F among them. B scored more than A and C but less than D. Who among them scored least marks among
them?

(A) A       (B) C         (C) B        (D) Data inadequate  (E) None of these

Ans : (D)



3. In a class of 50 students M is eighth from top. H is 20th from bottom. How many students arc there between M and H?
(A) 22        (B) 23         (C) 24     (D) Cannot be determined      (E) None of these

Ans : (A)


4. Meeta correctly remembers that her father’s birthday is after 8th July but before 12th July. Her brother correctly remembers that their father’s birthday is after 10th July but before 15th July. On which day of July was definitely their father’s birthday?
(A) 10th        (B) 11th        (C) 10th or 11th       (D) Cannot be determined    (E) None of these

Ans : (B)



5. Which of the following is the middle digit of the second highest among the following five numbers?
254 319 963 842 697
 (A) 5       (B) 1     (C) 6       (D) 4     (E) 9

Ans : (D)


6. What should come next in the following number series?
9898798769876598765498765
(A) 3          (B) 4     (C) 2        (D) 1       (E) None of these

Ans : (B)


7. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and so form a group. Which is the one that does not belong to that group?
(A) Copper          (B) Iron    (C) Aluminium   (D) Zinc      (E) Steel

Ans : (E)


8. In a certain code language ‘pik da pa’ means ‘where are you’; ‘da naja’ means ‘you may come’ and ‘na ka sa’ means ‘he may go’, which of the following means ‘come’ in that code language?

(A) da    (B) ja   (C) na    (D) Cannot be determined       (E) None of these

Ans : (B)


9. In a certain code BREAKDOWN is written as BFSCJMVNC. How is ORGANISED written in that code?
(A) PSHBMCDRH        (B) BHSPMCDRH         (C) BHSPOCDRH
(D) BHSPNHRDC         (E) None of these

Ans : (B)


10. How many such digits are there in the number 58674139 each of which is as far away from the beginning of the number as when the digits within the number are rearranged in descending order?
(A) None     (B) One   (C) Two    (D) Three   (E) More than three

Ans : (C)

11. ‘BD’ is related to ‘EG’ and ‘MO’ is related to ‘PR’ in the same way as ‘FH’ is related to
(A) JM          (B) lL                 (C) JL            (D) 1K   (E) None of these

Ans : (D)

12. In a certain code LONG is written as 5123 and GEAR is written as 3748. How is LANE
written in that code?
(A) 5427        (B) 5247              (C) 5847         (D) 5237   (E) None of these

Ans : (A)


13. How many meaningful English words can be made with the letters TEBI using each letter only once in each word?
(A) None
(B) One (C) Two (D) Three
(E) More than three

Ans : (B)


14. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and so form a group. Which is the one that does not belong to that group?
(A) 19
(B) 17 (C) 23 (D) 29 (E) 27

Ans : (E)

15. How many such pairs of letters are there in the word GUARDIAN each of which has as many letters between them in the word as in the English alphabet?
(A) None
(B) One (C) Two (D) Three
(E) More than three

Ans : (D)

Directions—(Q. 16-22) In each question below are three statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the three given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the three statements disregarding commonly known facts. Give answers
(A) If only conclusion I follows. (B) If only conclusion II follows.
(C) If either conclusion I or II follows. (D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. (E) If both conclusions I and II follow.

16. Statements: All pots are rings.
All bangles are rings. All rings arc paints. Conclusions:
I. Some paints are pots.
II. Some bangles are paints.

Ans : (A)


17. Statements:

All goats are (flowers. No flower is branch. Some branches arc roots. Conclusions:
I. Some roots are goats.
II. No root is goat.

Ans : (C)

18. Statements:
Some trees arc boxes. All boxes are bricks. All bricks are dogs. Conclusions:
I. Some dogs are trees.
II. Some bricks arc trees.

Ans : (E)



19. Statements:
All tables arc windows. All windows are rooms. All rooms arc buses. Conclusions:
I. Some buses arc tables.
II. Some rooms are tables.

Ans : (E)


20. Statements:
Some forests arc huts. Some huts are walls. Some walls are nets. Conclusions:
I. Some nets arc forests.
II. Some nets are huts.

Ans : (D)


21. Statements:
All chair are pens. Some pens are knives. All knives are rats. Conclusions:
I. Some rats are chairs.
II. Some rats are pens.

Ans : (B)


22. Statements:
Some desks arc tents. Some tents are rivers. All rivers are ponds. Conclusions:
I. Some ponds arc tents.
II. Some ponds are desks.

Ans : (A)


Directions—(Q.23-29) Study the following arrangement carefully and answer the questions given below—
B # A R 5 8 E % M F 4 J 1 U @ H 2 © 9 T 1 6 * W 3 P # K 7 $ Y

23. Four of the following are alike in a certain way based on their positions in the above arrangement and so form a group. Which is the one that does not belong to that group?
(A) l@4(B) ©TH (C) WP6 (D) #73 (E) 921

Ans : (E)


24. How many such vowels are there in the above arrangement each of which is either immediately preceded by a symbol or immediately followed by a symbol or both?
(A) None(B) One (C) Two (D) Three (E) Four

Ans : (D)



25. If all the numbers in the above arrangement are dropped, which of the following will be the eleventh from the right end?
(A) U     (B) T    (C) F    (D) H (E) None of these

Ans : (D)


26. How many such consonants are there in the above arrangement each of which is immediately preceded by a consonant and also immediately followed by a number?
(A) None     (B) One        (C) Two     (D) Three     (E) More than three

Ans : (B)


27. How many such symbols are there in the above arrangement each of which is immediately preceded by a letter and also immediately followed by a number? (A) None
(B) One  (C) Two  (D) Three (E) More than three

Ans : (A)


28. How many such numbers are there in the above arrangement each of which is immediately preceded by a consonant and also immediately followed by a symbol?
(A) None               (B) One           (C) Two       (D) Three   (E) More than three

Ans : (C)


29. Which of the following is the twelfth to the left of the twentieth from the left end of the above arrangement?

(A) %            (B) W                    (C) $                 (D) J     (E) None of these

Ans : (A)



Directions (Q.30—36)—In each question below is given a group of digits/symbols followed by four combinations of letters lettered (A), (B), (C) and (D). You have to find out which of the combinations correctly represents the group of digits/symbols based on the following letter coding system and mark the letter of that combination as the answer. If none of the letter combinations correctly represents the group of digits! symbols, mark (E) i.e. ‘None of these’ as the answer.
Digit/Symbol:
4 % 3 9 $ 1 8 @ © 2 # 5 6 * 7 d
Letter Code:
P M I T R Q J F H A E U N B G L

Conditions:
(i) If the first element in the group is a symbol and the last element is a digit, the codes are to be interchanged.
(ii) If the first element in the group is a digit and the last element is a symbol both are to be coded as the code for the digit.
(iii) If both the first and the last elements are even digits both are to be coded as ‘X’. (iv) If both the first and the last elements are odd digits, both are to be coded as ‘Y’.

30. 46*389
(A) PNBIJT          (B) XNBIJX       (C) TNBlip          (D) PNBIJP     (E) None of these

Ans : (A)


31. 931%©d
 (A) TIQMHL             (B) LIQMHT            (C) LIQMHL        (D) TIQMHT  (E) None of these

Ans : (D)


32. 7#$%35
 (A) GERMIU           (B) UERMIG           (C) GERMIG            (D) XERMIX  (E) None of these

Ans : (E)


33. 8732@9
(A) TGIAFJ       (B) YGIAFY        (C) JGIAFT            (D) XGIAFX   (E) None of these

Ans : (C)


34. 2*#836
 (A) YBEJIY       (B) ABEJIN    (C) NBEJIA    (D) XBEJLX    (E) None of these

Ans : (D)


35. $1896©
(A) RQJTNH            (B) HQJTNR        (C) RQJTNR            (D) YQJTNY    (E) None of these

Ans : (A)


36. 4%@93*
(A) PMFTIB       (B) PMFTIP           (C) BMFTIB        (D) XMFTIX      (E) None of these

Ans : (B)


Directions—(Q.37—43) In the following questions, the symbols @, ©, %, $ and d are used with the following meanings illustrated.
‘P % Q’ means ‘P is greater than Q’.
‘P d Q’ means ‘P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q’.
‘P @ Q’ means ‘P is smaller than Q’.
‘P © Q’ means ‘P is either smaller than or equal to Q’.
‘P $ Q’ means ‘P is either greater than or equal to Q’.

In each of the following questions assuming the given statements to be true, find out which of the two conclusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give answers:
(A) If only conclusion I is true. (B) If only conclusion II is true.
(C) If either conclusion I or conclusion II is true. (D) If neither conclusion I nor conclusion II is true. (E) If both conclusions I and II are true.

37. Statements: V % B, B $ D, D © E Conclusions:
I. E d B
II. D @ V

Ans : (B)

38. Statements: H $ N, N % R, R @ J Conclusions:
I. R @ H
II. J %H

Ans : (A)

39. Statements: F d T, T $ M, M © R Conclusions:
I. R $ F
II. M © F

Ans : (B)


40. Statements: W © D, D $ B, B @ H Conclusions:
I. H % D
II.W @ B

Ans : (D)


41. Statements: F @ R, R © V, V $ T Conclusions:
I. V % F
II. F @ T

Ans : (A)


42. Statements : N $ T, T d H, N @ W Conclusions:
I. W % T
II. H © N

Ans : (E)


43. Statements: M @ J, J © R, R d K Conclusions:
I. K d I
II. K % J

Ans : (C)

Directions—(Q.44—49) Study the following information and answer the questions given below— M, N, P. R. T, W, F and H arc sitting around a circle facing at the centre. P is third to the left of M and second to the right of T. N is second to the right of P. R is second to the right of W who is second to the right of M. F is not an immediate neighbour of P.

44. Who is fourth to the right of R?
(A) T              (B) R            (C) W            (D) Data inadequate           (E) None of these

Ans : (E)


45. In which of the following is the first person sitting in between the second and the third person?
(A) NHM         (B) PHN     (C) TRP       (D) TWF           (E) None of these

Ans : (A)


46. Who is second to the right of F?
(A) M              (B) R         (C) T           (D) Data inadequate           (E) None of these

Ans : (C)


47. Who is third to the right of H?
(A) T               (B) W          (C) R              (D) F                (E) Data inadequate

Ans : (D)

48. Who is to the immediate left of R?
(A) P             (B) H                  (C) W                      (D) T          (E) Data inadequate

Ans : (D)


49. Who is to the immediate right of H?
(A) R               (B) F               (C) M            (D) Data inadequate    (E) None of these

Ans : (E)


50. Who is to the immediate right of P?
(A) H                  (B) F              (C) R               (D) Data inadequate  (E) None of these

Ans : (A)

Quantitative Aptitude questions for IBPS Exam

Quantitative Aptitude

Q.1) The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio of 1 : 4 : 2 : 3. The angles are respectively :
         
 (A) 180; 720; 360; 540  (B) 720; 2280; 1440; 2160          
   C) 360; 1140; 720; 1080   (D) None of the above

Q.2)  If 2x + 3y = 10 and y < 4, then


   (A) x > -1     (B) x < -1    (C) x > 0        (D)x<0
                  

Q.3)  Ram started his journey at 9.00 a.m. at 8 km/hour. Hamid started from the same spot in the same direction at 9.30 a.m. at 10 km/hour. Hamid overtakes Ram at :


(A) 11.00 a.m.                   (B) 12.30p.m.  (C) 12.00 noon                  (D) 11.30am.


Q.4) A can do a piece of work in 12 days and B can do it in 10 days and A, B and C together in 5 days. C

alone can do it in:

(A) 17 days                        (B) 27 days

(C) 60 days                        (D) 30 days

Q.5) What least number must be subtracted from each of the numbers 17, 17, 34, 42 so that the ratio of first two is the same as the ratio of the next two?

(A) 0 (zero)                        (B) 1 (C) 2                                  (D) 7

Q.6)  A circular road runs around a circular garden. If the sum of the circumferences of the inner and outer circles is 88 metres and the radius of the inner circle is one-third of the outer circle, then the width of the road is :

 (A) 4 metres                       (B) 5 metres

(C) 6 metres                       (D) 7 metres

Q.7)   A city has a population of 3,00,000 out of which 1,80,000 are males. 50% of the population is literate.

If 70% of the males are literate, the number of literate females is :

(A) 20,000                         (B) 24,000

(C) 30,000                         (D) 34,000

Q.8)  The cost price of an article is Rs. 100. To gain 50% after allowing a 50% discount, the market price of the article is :

(A) Rs. 200               (B) Rs. 400          (C) Rs. 350            (D) Rs. 300

Q.9)  In three annual examinations, of which the aggregate marks of each was 500, a student secured average marks 45% and 55% in the first and the second yearly examinations respectively. To secure

60% average total marks, it is necessary for him in third yearly examination to secure marks :

 (A) 300                              (B) 350    C) 400                              (D) 450


Q.10)  If RUNNER is coded by SUMMER, the code for WINTER will be :

  (A) XIMSER                     (B) VINTER  (C) SINVER                      (D) VIOUER



Q.11) P is 300 kms eastward of O and Q is 400 kms north of O. R is exactly in the middle of Q and P. The distance between Q and R is :

(A) 300 kms             (B) 350 kms    (C) 250 kms                       (D) 250√2 kms



Q.12)  A man borrows Rs. 1200.00 from a bank for a period of 3 months. He finds that he has to repay Rs.

1236.00. The bank rate of interest is:

 (A) 3%                   (B) 6%            (C) 12%                     (D) 24%

Q.13)   In climbing a round pole of 80 metres height, a monkey climbs 5 metres in a minute and slips 2 metres in the alternate minute. To get to the top of the pole, the monkey would take :

(A) 51 minutes                  (B) 54 minutes     (C) 58 minutes                 (D) 61 minutes



Q.14)     A man travels by a car for 3 days. He traveled 10 hours each day. He drove on the first day at 45 km/hr, second day at 40 km/hr and third day at 20 km/hr. His average speed was :

(A) 30 km/hr             (B) 35 km/hr         (C) 38 km/hr                      (D) 40 km/hr


Q.15)  Forty three persons went to a canteen which sold cold drink ‘Maaza’ and ‘Pepsi’. If 18 persons took   Maaza only, 8 took Pepsi only and 5 took nothing, find how many took both the drinks :

 (A) 35                                (B) 21           (C) 12                        (D) 26



Q.16)     A man works for 2 days and then rests for one day, then works for 2 days and rests for one day and so on. For everyday he works, he earns Rs. 100. How much will he earn from Monday to Saturday?

(A) Rs. 200                      (B) Rs. 300      (C) Rs. 400                      (D) Rs. 500

Q.17)     A rectangular plot of lawn of length and width respectively x and y metres is surrounded by a pathway of 2 metres width. The total area of pathway is :

(A) 2x + 2y + 4                  (B) 2x + 2y + 8      (C) 4x + 4y + 8            (D) 4x + 4y + 16

Q.18)     Unscramble the letters of words and find odd one out.

   (1) TLAES                 (2) KOBO     (3) PPREA           (4) NCEPLI


Q.19)  A square park is surrounded by a path of uniform width 2 metres all round it. The area of the path is

288 sq. metres. The perimeter of the park is

(1) 142 m               (2) 128 m      (3) 136 m                           (4) 118 m



Q.20)   What is the sum of 5x3 – 3x2 – 1 and 3x2 + 1?

           (1) 5x3                              (2) 6x2            (3) 5x                                 (4) 3x2
         

Q.21) India has won the “World Cup Hockey” title:

            (1) Twice                           (2) Once       (3) Thrice                       (4) Never



Q.22)  The price of T.V. set inclusive of sales tax of 9% is Rs. 13.407. Find its marked price.

             (1) Rs. 12,300             (2) Rs. 11,500     3) Rs. 12,500               (4) Rs. 12,400



  

					ANSWERS
1.	(C)			9.	(C)	14.	(B)	18.	(1)
		5.	(C)	10.	(A)	15.	(C)	19.	(3)
2.	(C)	6.	(D)	11.	(C)	16.	(C)	20.	(1)
3.	(D)	7.	(B)	12.	(C)	17.	(D)	21.	(2)
4.	(C)	8.	(D)	13.	(A)			22.	(1)

IBPS Bank PO,IBPS Bank Clerk,SBI Bank PO,SBI Bank Clerk,SSC

1)There are 600 boys in a hostel, 3/5 of them play football and 300 boys play volleyball. Find the number of boys who play both?

a) 50
b) 60
c) 45
d) 40

Ans - 60

(2)Three of the following four are alike in a certain way and so form a group. Which is the one that does not belong to that group?

a) 35

b) 45

c) 21

d) 28

Ans -45

(3)A shopkeeper has an average sale of 7800 in 5 consecutive months. How much sale must he have in the sixth month so that he gets an average sale of Rs. 7500?

a) 7000

b) 6000

c) 7500

d) 6500

Ans - 6000

(4)The average age of the players in a cricket team is 26 years. If the wicket keeper's age is 37 years, what is the average age of the remaining 11 players?

a) 27

b) 26

c) 25

d) 25.5

Ans -25

(5)Ankush starts walking straight facing the south. After walking 30 mtrs he turned to his right, and walked 25m and turned to his left. Again after walking a distance of 10m he turned to his left. Which direction is he facing now?

a) West

b) East

c) North-east

d) South-West

Ans- East

 

(6)A piggy bank contains 400 coins of 50p denomination and 1200 coins of 25p denomination. The amount formed by the 50p coins is what percent of the total amount in Rs.

a) 30%

b) 40%

c) 50%

d) 60%

Ans -40%

 

(7)The monthly salary of Ajay ,Bhavin and Chetan are in the ratio 2: 3: 5. If Chetan's monthly salary is Rs. 1,200 more than that of Ajay, find Bhavin's Monthly salary.

a) Rs. 2000

b) Rs. 1000

c) Rs. 1500

d) Rs. 1200

Ans -1200

(8)The average age of the men in the office is 2.5 times the number of women in the office. If the ratio of men and women in the office of 48 employees is 3:1, then what is the total age of men in the office?

a) 1080

b) 1800

c) 1008

d) 1180

Ans -1080

(9)14 children have been divided into two groups of P and Q of 8 and 6 children respectively. The average percent marks obtained by the children in group P is 70% and the average marks of all the 14 children is 73%. What is the average percent marks of children in group Q?

a) 71%

b) 73%

c) 75%

d) 77%

Ans -77%

Important Computer Questions for Bank Exam

(1)Data representation in a computer uses the number system:

• Decimal
• Number
• Binary
• Integers

Right answer- Binary

(2)The basic architecture of computer was developed by

• John von Neumann
• Charles Babbage
• Blaise Pascal
• Gorden Moore

Right answer- John von Neumann

 (3)1 Megabyte equals :

• 220 bytes
• 1 kiolbytes
• 1024 bytes
• None of these

Right answer- 1024 bytes

 (4)1 kilobytes equals:

• 1000 bits
• 1024 bits
• 1020 bits
• 1030 bits

Right answer- 1024 bits

 (5)The result of the substration (1011)₂ –(0010)_{2 is} 

• 0001
• 1001
• 1011
• 1111

Right answer- 1001

 (6)The binary equivalent of decimal number 98 is:

• 1110001
• 1110100
• 1100010
• 1111001

Right answer- 1100010

(7)The product of two binary numbers (1011) and (1001) is

• 1100011
• 1010100
• 000100
• 100100

Right answer- 1100011

 (8)A byte represents a group of

• 10 bits
• 40 bits
• 8 bits
• 22 bits

Right answer- 8 bits

Current Affairs and GK for Bank and IBPS Exams

1)When do we celebrate "International Mother Language Day"?

1. February 15
2. February 19
3. February 21
4. January 17

Right answer- February 21

(2)Recently,who has got the post of Chairman of IRDA(Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority)

1. Rajiv Shankar
2. TS Vijayan
3. Ashmit Kumar
4. Mitra Joshi

Right answer- TS Vijayan

(3)Which of the following daily newspaper has got the International Press Institute (India) award for excellence in Journalism 2012?

1. The Hindu
2. The Tribune
3. Hindustan Times
4. Dainik Jagran

Right answer- The Tribune

(4)Which of the following school became the world's first college to collect more than 1 billion dollars in a single year in college fund-raising?

1. Oxford University
2. Harward University
3. IIT Kharagpur
4. Standford University

Right answer- Standford University

(5)Kepler-37b is a recently discovered small planet which is located in ____________ constellation?

1. Libra
2. Lyra
3. Sagittarius
4. Cancer

Right answer- Lyra

(6)Which is the world's saltiest and unlikeliest water body?

1. Don Juan Pond
2. Don Pauran Pond
3. Don lanken pond
4. Chilka Lake

Right answer- Don Juan Pond

(7)Who has been selected for the prestigious Vyas Samman award 2012

1. Narendra Kohli
2. Narendra Modi
3. Chitra Mudgal
4. Anna Hazare

Right answer- Narendra Kohli

(8)Which of the following space research organisations are going to launch the world's first smartphone-controlled Nano satellite having HD camera?

1. NASA
2. ISRO
3. Chinese Space Agency
4. Japanese Space Agency

IT officers:Professional Knowledge for Specialist Officer

C++ Language

C++ (pronounced see plus plus) is a programming language that is general purpose, statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm and compiled. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises both high-level and low-level language features.

Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs, C++ was originally named C with Classes, adding object oriented features, such as classes, and other enhancements to the C programming language. The language was renamed C++ in 1983.

C++ is one of the most popular programming languages variety of hardware and operating system platforms. As an efficient compiler to native code, its application domains include systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games.

Including the GNU Project, LLVM, Microsoft and Intel. C++ has greatly influenced many other popular programming languages, most notably C#.

The language began as enhancements to C, first adding classes, then virtual functions, operator overloading, multiple inheritance, templates and exception handling, among other features.

After years of development, the C++ programming language standard was ratified in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998. The standard was amended by the 2003 technical corrigendum, ISO/IEC 14882:2003. The current standard extending C++ with new features was ratified and published by ISO in September 2011 as ISO/IEC 14882:2011 (informally known as C++11).

Developed by as a pun involving the increment operator and is implemented on a wide

Several groups provide both free and proprietary C++ compiler software, and Java.

History

Bjarne Stroustrup, creator of C++

Bjarne Stroustrup, a Danish and British trained computer scientist, began his work on “C with Classes” in 1979.

In programming for his Ph.D. thesis. Stroustrup found that Simula had features that were very helpful for large software development, but the language was too slow for practical use, while BCPL was fast but too low-level to be suitable for large software development. When Stroustrup started working in AT&T Bell Labs, he had the problem of analyzing the UNIX kernel with respect to distributed computing. Remembering his Ph.D. experience, Stroustrup set out to enhance the C language with Simula-like features.

General-purpose, fast, portable and widely used. Besides C and Simula, some other languages that inspired him were ALGOL 68, Ada, CLU and ML. At first, the class, derived class, strong typing, inlining, and default argument features were added to C via Stroustrup’s “C with Classes”

The idea of creating a new language originated from Stroustrup’s experience C was chosen because it was to C compiler, C pre.

In 1983, the name of the language was changed from C with Classes to C++ (++ being the increment operator in C). New features were added including virtual functions, function name and operator overloading, references, constants, user-controlled free-store memory control, improved type checking, and BCPL style single-line comments with two forward slashes (//), as well as the development of a proper compiler for C++, C front. In 1985, the first edition of The C++ Programming Language was released, providing an important reference to the language, as there was not yet an official standard.

Released in October of the same year second edition of The C++ Programming Language was released in 1991, included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static member functions, const member functions, and protected members. In 1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was published. This work became the basis for the future standard. Late feature additions included templates, exceptions, namespaces, new casts, and a Boolean type.

As the C++ language evolved, the standard library evolved with it. The first addition to the C++ standard library was the stream I/O library which provided facilities to replace the traditional C functions such as printf and scanf. Later, among the most significant additions to the standard library, was a large amount of the Standard Template Library.

It is possible to write object oriented or procedural code in the same program in C++. This has caused some concern that some C++ programmers are still writing procedural code, but are under the impression that it is object oriented, simply because they are using C++. Often it is an amalgamation of the two. This usually causes most problems when the code is revisited or the task is taken over by another coder.

C++ continues to be used and is one of the preferred programming languages to develop professional applications.

 

 Data Structure

In computer science, a data structure is a particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently.

Different kinds of data structures are suited to different kinds of applications, and some are highly specialized to specific tasks. For example, B-trees are particularly well-suited for implementation of databases, while compiler implementations usually use hash tables to look up identifiers.

Data structures provide a means to manage large amounts of data efficiently, such as large databases and internet indexing services. Usually, efficient data structures are a key to designing efficient algorithms. Some formal design methods and programming languages emphasize data structures, rather than algorithms, as the key organizing factor in software design. Storing and retrieving can be carried out on data stored in both main memory and in secondary memory.

Language Support

Most assembly languages and some low-level languages, such as BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), lack support for data structures. Many high-level programming languages and some higher-level assembly languages, such as MASM, on the other hand, have special syntax or other built-in support for certain data structures, such as vectors (one-dimensional arrays) in the C language or multi-dimensional arrays in Pascal.

Most programming languages feature some sort of library mechanism that allows data structure implementations to be reused by different programs. Modern languages usually come with standard libraries that implement the most common data structures. Examples are the C++ Standard Template Library, the Java Collections Framework, and Microsoft’s .NET Framework.

Modern languages also generally support modular programming, the separation between the interface of a library module and its implementation. Some provide opaque data types that allow clients to hide implementation details. Object-oriented programming languages, such as C++, Java and Smalltalk may use classes for this purpose.

Many known data structures have concurrent versions that allow multiple computing threads to access the data structure simultaneously.

Data Type

In computer science and computer programming, a data type or simply type is a classification identifying one of various types of data, such as real-valued, integer or Boolean, that determines the possible values for that type; the operations that can be done on values of that type; the meaning of the data; and the way values of that type can be stored.

Overview

Data types are used within type systems, which offer various ways of defining, implementing and using them. Different type systems ensure varying degrees of type safety. Formally, a type can be defined as “any property of a programme we can determine without executing the program”.

Almost all programming languages explicitly include the notion of data type, though different languages may use different terminology. Common data types may include:

• Integers,
• Booleans,
• Characters,
• Floating-point numbers,
• Alphanumeric strings.

For example, in the Java programming language, the “int” type represents the set of 32-bit integers ranging in value from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, as well as the operations that can be performed on integers, such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Colors, on the other hand, are represented by three bytes denoting the amounts each of red, green, and blue, and one string representing that color’s name; allowable operations include addition and subtraction, but not multiplication.

Most programming languages also allow the programmer to define additional data types, usually by combining multiple elements of other types and defining the valid operations of the new data type. For example, a programmer might create a new data type named “complex number” that would include real and imaginary parts. A data type also represents a constraint placed upon the interpretation of data in a type system, describing representation, interpretation and structure of values or objects stored in computer memory. The type system uses data type information to check correctness of computer programs that access or manipulate the data.

Definition of a “type”

(Parnas, Shore & Weiss 1976) identified five definitions of a “type” that were used—sometimes implicitly—in the literature:

Syntactic: A type is a purely syntactic label associated with a variable when it is declared. Such definitions of “type” do not give any semantic meaning to types.

Representation: A type is defined in terms of its composition of more primitive types—often machine types.

Representation and behaviour: A type is defined as its representation and a set of operators manipulating these representations.

Value space: A type is a set of possible values which a variable can possess. Such definitions make it possible to speak about (disjoint) unions or Cartesian products of types.

Value space and behaviour: A type is a set of values which a variable can possess and a set of functions that one can apply to these values.

The definition in terms of a representation was often done in imperative languages such as ALGOL and Pascal, while the definition in terms of a value space and behaviour was used in higher-level languages such as Simula and CLU.

Classes of Data Types

Boolean Type

Numeric Types

Composite Types

Enumerations

String and text types

Other Types

• Pointers and References
• Function Types
• Utility Types
• Type Systems